Chapter One:
The World is Ready for a Solution
Peak Oil.
State of oil world reserves.
Agricultural Land Availability Issues
Global Warming Issues
Energy Security
Potential Depletion of Fisheries
Why Algae?
Why is Now the Time to Pursue Algae Biorefinery?
Global Considerations:
Consumer Interest:
Changes in Nature:
Changes in Technology:
Algae’s Competitive Advantages:
Chapter Two: The Basics of Micro Algae Farming and Biorefineries
A SWOT Analysis of Biorefineries
Overview:
What is a “Biorefinery?”
Understanding the Biorefinery concept.
Algae Microfarms
An Algae Microfarm Case Study
A Biofuels Case Study
A Developing World Case Study
A Village Scale Case Study
A Government Scale Case study
Chapter Three: Potential Challenges With Micro Algae Farms
Algae Biofuels Legal Aspects
When the technology belongs to you and give you a business advantage
Algae Biofuels Intellectual Property (IP) Issues
Legal Rights Pertaining To Algae Biofuels
Patents
Record Keeping
Possession of the Patent.
Trade Secrets.
Trademarks
Possible Issues with Independent Contractors.
When the technology belongs to you and you wish to sell or license it’s use.
Issues Involving Water, Light, and Land
Water Supply.
Water Discharge.
Easy access to Sun Light
Time period
Land Ownership and Usage
Permitted Use
Lender Safety Terms
Entry and Interference by the Owner
Rent
Construction
Indemnification
Condemnation
Insurance
Title
Site Security
Assignment and Subletting
Environmental Issues
Notes
Chapter 4: How To Finance Your Project
Some different types of financing
Various kinds of Investors
Locating Equity Resources
Debt Funding
Loan Guarantees
Tax Incentives as well as other Tax Considerations
Government Grants and Incentives
Other Programs Available
Algae Biofuel Grants
Chapter Five: Planning
Types of Biorefineries
Designing your Bio-refinery
Building a Bio-refinery
Site requirements for algal biorefinery
Preferred Geographic Regions for Algae Production
Seasonal Considerations
Co Location with Advantageous Partners
Integration with Water Treatment Facilities
Wastewater Treatment and Recycling Uses
Personnel Considerations
Necessary Algal Characteristics
Strain selection
Natural Habitats
Commercial Culture Labs and Collections
Conclusions
Co location with CO2 emitting Sources
Disadvantages to Co-Location with Stationary Industrial CO2 Sources
Realistic Costs Associated with Biorefineries
Algae production Costs and Uncertainties
Chapter six: Algae Products and Co-Products
Commercial Products from Microalgae and Cyanobacteria
Algae Based Biofuels
Biodiesel
Bioethanol
Biogas or Biomethane
Biobuthanol
Biohydrogen
Bioelectricity
Gasification Tar
Algae Coal
Challenges to Algae to Biofuel Commercialization.
Feed stock Challenges.
Conversion Challenges
Fuel Conversion:
Co-Products:
Infrastructure Challenges
Distribution and Utilization
Resources and Siting.
Algae-based products for human consumption
Algae as a Staple food
Algae and the Food Industry
Health foods and pharmaceuticals
Aquaculture:
The use of micro algae in aquaculture.
Mollusks
Shrimp or Prawn
Marine fish
Animal Feed Additive:
Nutraceuticals
Dietary supplements
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA)
Cartenoids
Astaxanthin
Omega-3 Oils
Anti-Oxidants
Pharmaceutical Uses of Algae
Antibiotics and Anticancer agents
Human Proinsulin used in the treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.
Coloring Agents
Cosmetics
Algae Fertilizers
Applications of Algae Fertilizers
Other Specialty Products
Paper
Bio Concrete
Bio Plastics
Types of Algal Bio-plastics
Fine Chemicals
Low-value Coproducts
Acetic Acid
Acetone
Glycerol
Commercial Products from Macroalgae
Nori.
Kombu.
Other macroalgal foods.
Arame
Hijiki
Kelp
Alaria
Agar-Agar
Irish Moss
Laver
Dulse
CO2 mitigation
Carbon sequestration
Carbon trading
Conclusions
Chapter Seven: Co-Product Recovery
Potential Options for the Recovery of Co-products
Maximum Energy Recovery from the Lipid-Extracted Biomass,
Recovery of Protein for Use in Food and Feed
Technically feasible algal bioenergy co-production concepts
Economic viability of bioenergy co-production from algae
References
Chapter Seven: Biorefinery Production
Introduction:
Proof of Concept Introduction
Pilot Scale Introduction:
Production Scale Introduction:
Proof of Concept:
Obtaining the algae strain you’re interested in.
Native Algae
Commercial Algae Strains
Maximizing Growth
Small scale harvesting
Processing
Pilot Scale
Open ponds
Closed Ponds
Photobioreactors (PBR) and Bioreactors
Production Scale
Open Ponds
Water Resources
Carbonation
Mixing Systems
Other Factors
Closed Ponds.
Photobioreactors
Harvesting
Screening
Filtration
Filtration and Screening Devices
Pressure Filters
Vacuum Filters
Rotary vacuum filter
Micro Strainers
Magnetic Separation
Centrifugation
Tubular centrifuge
Imperforate basket centrifuge
Flocculation or sedimentation
Flotation
Flocculation and Dissolved Air Flotation
Electroflotation
Poly culturing
Other Harvesting Techniques
Drying
Flash Drying
Rotary Dryers
Spray Drying
Sun Drying
Summary of harvesting methods
Oil Extraction Technologies
Mechanical Disruption (i.e., Cell Rupture)
Mechanical Expulsion
Solvent Extraction
Supercritical Fluid Extraction
Osmotic Shock
Sonication and/or Ultrasound
Organic and/or Chemical Co-solvent Mixtures
Subcritical Water Extraction
Challenges Associated with Production Scale
Avoiding contamination
Adding Co2
Constant inoculation
“Stressing algae”
The problem with yield extrapolation
Hydrocracking algae biofuels
GMO algae
The Ideal Algae for Biofuels
Chapter Eight: Resources, Equipment and Vendors:
Buying the algae strain you’re interested in.
In North America
Mexico
Europe
Czech Republic
France
Germany
Australia
Japan
Algae Biofuels Contractors and Equipment Vendors
Open Ponds
Pond Liners and pond equipment
Photobioreactors
Acrylic tubing for bioreactors
PTH GROUP
Plastic Tanks for PBRS
Plastic (PVC) pipe fittings
LED Lighting
Steel mesh filter cloth
Anping County Resen Screen Co., Ltd.
Oil presses and extruders
References
Chapter 10: Marketing
Marketing Algae Based Products.
Marketing to Corporations:
Marketing to Consumers
Marketing Challenges of Algae Directly to Consumers
Algae, Junk food, and Beer
Algae based Junk Food (except it isn’t)
Algae based beer
Algae Cosmetics
Or create your own product
Bringing a Food Product to Market:
Developing and Marketing an Algae Cosmetic Product
Chapter 11: Case Studies
Aurora Algae
Phycal, Inc.
Amyris Biofuels
Sapphire Energy
Solazyme, Inc.
Seambiotic
Algae-Tec Limited
Address
Products
Feedstocks
Competitive edge
Algae Floating Systems, Inc.
Alpha To Omega Holdings
Algenol Biofuels Inc.
Cereplast
Solix BioSystems, Inc.
Synthetic Genomics Inc
Dao Energy, LLC
Kai Bioenergy
Live Fuels, Inc.
Pond Biofuels, Inc.
Bioprocess Algae, LLC
Bonus Material
Algae Based Biofuels: Applications and Co Products (117 pages
Algae Biofuels Roadmap: (140 pages)
New Developments in Micro Algae Farming for Food and Biofuels (44 pages)
Algae Biodiesel: A Feasibility Report (43 pages)
Design and Analysis of "' Microalgal Open Pond Systems for the Purpose of Producing Fuels A Subcontractors Report (231 pages)
A Realistic Technology and Engineering Assessment of Algae Biofuel production (178 pages)
Microalgae as a Source of Liquid Biofuels:-(229 pages)
Renewable Diesel from Algal Lipids: An Integrated Baseline for Cost, Emissions, and Resource Potential (89 pages)
Genetic Engineering of Algae for Biofuel Production (44 pages)
Production of Gasoline and Diesel from algae Biomass via Fast Pyrolysis, Hydrotreating and Hydrocracking (76 pages)